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We have fully detailed plans for how to insulate basements properly to avoid mold, heat loss and water infiltration, see this page here -
Best practices for basement construction - new home or renovations
Thar should provide all the answers you need, and feel free to ask a follow up question once you've read it over. And specifically to your questions - If the basement is more than 5 years old then it should *mostly* be dry by now, but if a foundation wall isn’t protected on the outside against moisture, then it will continue to stay wet for as long as it stands. So few basements are built properly that we just run with the assumption that they aren’t.
Putting EPS foam against concrete is usually a good idea as it prevents moisture from coming through. See here to choose the best rigid foam insulation. The most important thing to remember is that basement walls can’t dry to the outside the way above grade walls can, so you need to sure not to trap moisture inside the walls where the wood and insulation is. Meaning, the last thing you should do in a basement is put a 6-mil poly vapor barrier after the studs, which only serves to keep walls wet, not keep them dry. Read more here – Why basements are moldy and how to fix them.